Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a (state of Australia) occupying the western third of the land area of Australia, excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the (Southern Ocean) to the south, the (Northern Territory) to the north-east, and (South Australia) to the south-east. With a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres (975,685 sq mi), Western Australia is Australia's largest state as well as the (second-largest subdivision) of any country on Earth, surpassed only by the (Sakha Republic) in eastern Russia. As of 2021,[update] the state has 2.76 million inhabitants—11 percent of the national total. The vast majority (92 percent) live in the (south-west corner); 79 percent of the population lives in the (Perth) area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
Western Australia | |
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(State) | |
(Flag) (Coat of arms) | |
Nickname(s):
| |
Country | Australia |
Before federation | (Colony of Western Australia) |
Established as the (Swan River Colony) | 2 May 1829 |
(Responsible government) | 21 October 1890 |
(Federation) | 1 January 1901 |
Capital and largest city | (Perth) |
Administration | (139 local government areas) |
(Demonym(s)) |
|
Government | |
• (Monarch) | (Charles III) |
• (Governor) | (Chris Dawson) |
• (Premier) | (Roger Cook) ((Labor)) |
Legislature | (Parliament of Western Australia) |
• (Upper house) | (Legislative Council) |
• (Lower house) | (Legislative Assembly) |
Judiciary | (Supreme Court of Western Australia) |
(Parliament of Australia) | |
• (Senate) | (12 senators) (of 76) |
• (House of Representatives) | 15 seats (of 151) |
(Area) | |
• Total | 2,527,013 km2 (975,685 sq mi) () |
Highest elevation ((Mount Meharry)) | 1,249 m (4,098 ft) |
(Population) | |
• June 2023 estimate | 2,878,600 () |
• Density | 1.11/km2 (2.9/sq mi) () |
(GSP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | AU$377.257 billion ((4th)) |
• Per capita | AU$135,320 ((1st)) |
(HDI) (2021) | 0.967 very high · (2nd) |
(Time zone) |
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WA | |
(ISO 3166 code) | (AU–WA) |
Symbols | |
Bird | (Black swan) (Cygnus atratus) |
Fish | (Whale shark) (Rhincodon typus) |
Flower | (Red and green kangaroo paw) (Anigozanthos manglesii) |
Mammal | (Numbat) (Myrmecobius fasciatus) |
Colour(s) | Black and gold |
Fossil | (Gogo fish) (Mcnamaraspis kaprios) |
Website | wa |
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch (Dirk Hartog) expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony in what is today Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major (Edmund Lockyer) on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the (New South Wales) colonial government. Lockyer established a convict-supported military garrison at (King George III Sound), at present-day (Albany), and on 21 January 1827 he formally took possession for the British Crown of the western part of the continent that was not already claimed by the Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the (Swan River Colony) in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, (Perth).
(York) was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres (60 miles) east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831. Western Australia achieved (responsible government) in 1890 and (federated) with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901.
Today, Western Australia's (economy) mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 percent of Australia's exports. Western Australia is the largest iron ore producer in the world. Its nickname is "The Wildflower State".
History
Western Australia has a geological history dating back to 4.4 billion years ago when (Hadean zircons) were formed. The earliest direct known life on land, known as (stromatolites), started to be created by microbes at around 3.48 billion years ago.
The first human inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These (Indigenous Australians) were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia were those of the Dutch (Dirk Hartog) expedition, who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, (Dirk Hartog Island). For the rest of the 17th century, (other Dutch and British navigators) encountered the coast of what (Abel Tasman) named (New Holland) in 1644, usually unintentionally as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the (Brouwer Route) (because of poor navigation and storms). By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast. The (Baudin expedition) of 1800–03 included the coast of Western Australia and resulted in the (Freycinet Map of 1811), the first published map featuring the full outline of Australia. The name New Holland remained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s; that is, it was in use for about 206 years in comparison to the name Australia which to date has been in use for about 195 years.: 11
The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer of a convict-supported settlement from (New South Wales) at (King George III Sound). The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the (Union Jack) be raised and a (feu de joie) fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia. On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony, and named (Albany) in 1832.
In 1829 the (Swan River Colony) was established on the Swan River by Captain (James Stirling). By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia on 6 February that year. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of (Fremantle) and the state's capital, (Perth). (York) was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated 97 kilometres (60 mi) east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around (Kalgoorlie).
In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians, and in 1890, the act granting (self-government) to the colony was passed by the (British Parliament). (John Forrest) became the first (Premier of Western Australia).
In 1896, after discoveries of gold at (Coolgardie) and (Kalgoorlie), the (Western Australian Parliament) authorised the raising of a loan to construct a (pipeline) to transport 23 megalitres (5 million imperial gallons) of water per day to the burgeoning population on the goldfields. The pipeline, known as the (Goldfields Water Supply Scheme), was completed in 1903. C. Y. O'Connor, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water 530 km (330 mi) from Perth to (Kalgoorlie), and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.
Following a campaign led by Forrest, electors of the colony of Western Australia voted in favour of (federation) with the five other Australian colonies, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.
Geography
Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the (Northern Territory), and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The (International Hydrographic Organization) (IHO) designates the (body of water south of the continent) as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the (Southern Ocean).[b]
The total length of the (state's eastern border) is 1,862 km (1,157 mi). There are 20,781 km (12,913 mi) of coastline, including 7,892 km (4,904 mi) of island coastline. The total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2 (970 thousand sq mi).
Geology
The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old (Yilgarn craton) and (Pilbara craton) which merged with the (Deccan Plateau) of India, (Madagascar) and the (Kaapvaal) and (Zimbabwe) cratons of Southern Africa, in the (Archean) Eon to form (Ur), one of the oldest (supercontinents) on Earth (3 – 3.2 billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the (earliest known life) may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old (geyserite) and other related mineral deposits (often found around (hot springs) and (geysers)) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.
Because the only (mountain-building) since then has been of the (Stirling Range) with the rifting from (Antarctica), the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,249 metres (4,098 ft) (AHD) (at (Mount Meharry) in the (Hamersley Range) of the (Pilbara) region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no (surface runoff). This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/(Darling Scarp) near Perth).
The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently (laterised). Even soils derived from (granitic) (bedrock) contain an order of magnitude less available (phosphorus) and only half as much (nitrogen) as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or (ironstone) are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in (zinc), copper, (molybdenum) and sometimes (potassium) and (calcium).
The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to (invertebrate) and bacterial populations.[] The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in (compaction of soils) and great damage to the fragile soils.
Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the (South West region) of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with (dryland salinity) and the loss of fresh water.
Climate
The (southwest coastal area) has a (Mediterranean climate). It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of (karri), one of the (tallest trees) in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of (endemic species) than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore (Leeuwin Current), the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly (coral reefs) in the world.
Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the (Wheatbelt) region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near (Northcliffe), but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
The central two-thirds of the state is (arid) and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The (Kimberley) has an extremely hot (monsoonal climate) with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's (runoff) occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the (Ord River).
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the (Stirling Range) near (Albany), as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby (Porongurup Range). Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the (Perth Hills), as far north as (Wongan Hills) and as far east as (Salmon Gums). However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.
The highest observed temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded in (Onslow) on 13 January 2022. The lowest temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at (Eyre Bird Observatory) on 17 August 2008.
The (south geomagnetic pole) is currently tilted 10 degrees away from the (South Pole) towards Western Australia, allowing for (aurora australis) displays as far north as (Geraldton).
Climate data for Western Australia | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 50.7 (123.3) | 50.5 (122.9) | 48.1 (118.6) | 45.0 (113.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 37.8 (100.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | 41.2 (106.2) | 43.1 (109.6) | 46.9 (116.4) | 48.0 (118.4) | 49.8 (121.6) | 50.7 (123.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) | 0.5 (32.9) | −0.8 (30.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | −5.6 (21.9) | −6.0 (21.2) | −6.7 (19.9) | −7.2 (19.0) | −5.1 (22.8) | −5.0 (23.0) | −2.1 (28.2) | 0.0 (32.0) | −7.2 (19.0) |
Source 1: (Bureau of Meteorology) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: |
Flora and fauna
Western Australia is home to around (630 species of birds) (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are (endemic) to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
The (Flora of Western Australia) comprises 10,162 published native (vascular plant) species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 (genera) from 211 (families); there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or (invasive plant) species, more commonly known as weeds. In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world.
Western Australia's (ecoregions) include the sandstone gorges of (the Kimberley) on the northern coast, and below that the drier (Victoria Plains tropical savanna) inland, and the semi-desert (Pilbara shrublands), (Carnarvon xeric shrublands), and (Western Australian mulga shrublands) to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the (Southwest Australia savanna) and the (Swan Coastal Plain) around Perth, with the (jarrah-karri forest and shrublands) on the southwest corner of the coast around the (Margaret River) wine-growing area. Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the (Goldfields-Esperance) region, including the (Esperance mallee) and the (Coolgardie woodlands) inland around town of (Coolgardie). Deserts occupy the interior, including the (Great Sandy-Tanami desert), (Gibson Desert), (Great Victoria Desert), and (Nullarbor Plain).
In 1831 Scottish botanist (Robert Brown) produced a scientific paper, (General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River). It discusses the vegetation of the (Swan River Colony).
Demographics
Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when (Albany) was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the (Swan River Colony) in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested (convict) labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the (Goldfields region), resulted in a sharp population increase.
Western Australia did not receive significant flows of (immigrants) from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the (British Empire) until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the (Group Settlement Scheme) of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After (World War II), both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of (Italians), (Croatians) and (Macedonians). Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.
Perth's metropolitan area (including (Mandurah)) had an estimated population of 2,043,138 in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include (Bunbury) (73,989),(Geraldton) (37,961),(Kalgoorlie-Boulder) (30,420),(Albany) (33,998),(Karratha) (16,446),(Broome) (14,501) and (Port Hedland) (14,285).
Ancestry and immigration
Birthplace | Population |
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Australia | 1,492,842 |
England | 194,163 |
New Zealand | 79,221 |
India | 49,385 |
South Africa | 41,008 |
(Philippines) | 30,835 |
(Malaysia) | 29,126 |
(Mainland China) | 27,126 |
(Scotland) | 26,063 |
Italy | 19,210 |
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:
- (English) (40.7%)
- Australian (33.2%)
- (Irish) (9.8%)
- (Scottish) (9.4%)
- (Italian) (5.4%)
- (Chinese) (4.5%)
- (German) (3.2%)
- (Indigenous) (3.1%)
- (Indian) (3%)
- (Dutch) (2.1%)
- (Filipino) (1.6%)
- (New Zealander) (1.4%)
- (South African) (1.3%)
- (Maori) (1.2%)
3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as (Indigenous Australians) ((Aboriginal Australians) and (Torres Strait Islanders)) in 2016.
Language
At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being (Mandarin) (1.9%), Italian (1.2%), (Vietnamese) (0.8%), (Cantonese) (0.8%) and (Tagalog) (0.6%).
Religion
According to the 2021 census, (Christianity) is the major religious affiliation in WA, followed by 41.1% of its population. In 1971, Christianity was followed by 85.5% of the population and it has been declining since, while the percentage of people who identified as having no religious affiliation has increased from 8.7% in 1971 to 42.9% in 2021. A small minority of the population are (Muslims) (2.5%), (Buddhists) (2.2%) and (Hindus) (2.0%).
Economy
Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
- Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports, potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.
- (Gross state product) per person ($97,940 in 2017–18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).
- Diversification (i.e. a greater range of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.[]
- Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.
- Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.
In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total. The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, (alumina), nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and mineral sands.
Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (34% of the world's total), and extracts 66% (6.9% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Until 2020 diamonds were extracted from the world's largest (diamond mine) in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at (Collie) is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.
Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. In the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.
Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses. There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where (Islamic dietary laws) and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.
Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration. According to the 2006 census, the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007.
Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of (Kwinana) had the (nation's largest oil refinery) with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel. Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. (Austal)) and associated support industries are found at nearby (Henderson), just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include (western rock lobsters), prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the (Kimberley) region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. (Whaling) was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
Western Australia has the world's biggest plantations of both (Indian sandalwood) (northern WA) and (Australian sandalwood) (semi-arid regions), which are used to produce (sandalwood oil) and (incense). The WA (sandalwood) industry provides about 40% of the international sandalwood oil market.
Tourism
In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%). Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%), and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons. The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.
Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.
Government
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890 with a bicameral (Parliament) located in Perth, consisting of the (Legislative Assembly) (or lower house), which has 59 members; and the (Legislative Council) (or upper house), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's (federal) structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State. However over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through broad interpretation of its enumerated powers and increasing control of taxation and financial distribution (see (Federalism in Australia)).
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is (the monarch of Australia) (currently (Charles III)) and executive power is nominally vested in his or her state representative, the (Governor) (currently (Chris Dawson)), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. (Roger Cook) is the premier, having succeeded (Mark McGowan) after his resignation in June 2023.
Secession
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the (Commonwealth of Australia). Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name (Auralia) was considered.[]
In a (referendum in April 1933), 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to (Westminster), but the British Government ruled that after the (Statute of Westminster 1931), it no longer had the authority to amend the constitution of Australia without the consent of its federal government; the British Government took no action.
Local government
Western Australia is divided into 139 (Local Government Areas), including (Christmas Island) and the (Cocos (Keeling) Islands). Their mandate and operations are governed by the (Local Government Act 1995).
Education
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015. At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment. Students have the option to study at a (TAFE) college after Year 10, or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.
There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four (Perth)-based (public universities), being the (University of Western Australia), (Curtin University), (Edith Cowan University) and (Murdoch University); and one (Fremantle)-based (private Roman Catholic university), the (University of Notre Dame Australia). The (University of Notre Dame) is also one of only two (private universities) in Australia, along with (Bond University), a not-for-profit private education provider based in (Gold Coast, Queensland).
Media
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the (Seven West Media)-owned tabloid (The West Australian) and the (Kalgoorlie Miner). Also published is one weekend paper, The Weekend West, and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from (News Corporation's) (The Sunday Times). There are also 17 weekly (community newspapers) with distribution from (Yanchep) in the north to (Mandurah) in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, Countryman and the (Australian Community Media)-owned (Farm Weekly). The national broadsheet publication (The Australian) is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states. (WAtoday) is an online newspaper owned by (Nine Entertainment), focusing its coverage on Perth and Western Australia.
Television
Metropolitan Perth has five broadcast television stations;
- (ABC TV) WA. (Callsign: (ABW) – Channel 12 Digital)
- (SBS) WA. (Callsign: (SBS) – was on Channel 29 Digital – now Channel 7 Digital since the 2013 retune)
- (Seven Network) Perth. (Callsign: (TVW) – Channel 6 Digital)
- (Nine Network) Perth. (Callsign: (STW) – Channel 8 Digital)
- (Network Ten) Perth. (Callsign: (NEW) – Channel 11 Digital)
- Perth formerly had (West TV), a free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010 and ceased broadcasting in February 2020. It replaced (Access 31), which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations as Perth. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
- (Golden West Network (GWN7)). Owned by (Seven West Media). (Callsigns: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW remote areas)
- (WIN Television WA). Affiliated with Nine (Callsign: WOW)
- (West Digital Television). Affiliated with Ten (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)
- Regional WA used to have (Westlink). An open-narrowcast community-based television channel that was only on satellite until Westlink's discontinuation in 2018. (Satellite only)
In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
- (ABC HD) (Carried by (ABW))
- (ABC TV Plus) (Carried by (ABW))
- (ABC Me) (Carried by (ABW))
- (ABC News) (Carried by (ABW))
- (SBS HD) (Carried by (SBS))
- (SBS Viceland) (Carried by (SBS))
- (SBS World Movies) (Carried by (SBS))
- (SBS Food) (Carried by (SBS))
- (NITV) (Carried by (SBS))
- (SBS WorldWatch) (Carried by (SBS))
- (7HD) (Carried by (TVW))
- (7TWO) (Carried by (TVW) and affiliates)
- (7mate) (Carried by (TVW) and affiliates)
- (7flix) (Carried by (TVW))
- (Racing.com) (Carried by (TVW) and affiliates)
- (9HD) (Carried by (STW) and affiliates)
- (9Gem) (Carried by (STW) and affiliates)
- (9Go!) (Carried by (STW) and affiliates)
- (9Life) (Carried by (STW) and affiliates)
- (9Rush) (Carried by (STW))
- (Extra) (Carried by (STW))
- (10 Bold) (Carried by (NEW) and affiliate)
- (10 Peach) (Carried by (NEW) and affiliate)
- (10 Shake) (Carried by (NEW))
- (10 HD) (Carried by (NEW) and affiliate)
- (TVSN) (Carried by (NEW) and affiliate)
- Gecko TV (Carried by (NEW))
Pay TV services are provided by (Foxtel), which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent (Galaxy Television) satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
Radio
Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include (ABC NewsRadio) (6PB 585 AM), (ABC Radio Perth) (6WF 720 AM), (Radio National) (6RN 810 AM), (ABC Classic FM) (6ABC 97.7FM) and (Triple J) (6JJJ 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: (Triple M) (6PPM), (Nova 93.7) (6PER), (Mix 94.5) (6MIX), (96FM) (6NOW) and AM 882 (6PR), AM 1080 ((6iX)) and AM 1116 (6MM)
The leading (community radio) stations are (Curtin FM) 100.1, (6RTR) FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and (91.3 SportFM) (6WSM).
Culture
Arts and entertainment
Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed (Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts) (WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include (Adam Brand), (Ammonia), (Karnivool), (Birds of Tokyo), (Bon Scott), (Eskimo Joe), (Johnny Young), (Gyroscope), the (John Butler Trio), (Tame Impala), (Kevin Mitchell), (Tim Minchin), (Troye Sivan), (the Kill Devil Hills), (Pendulum), (the Pigram Brothers), (Rolf Harris), (Stella Donnelly) and (the Triffids). The (West Australian Music Industry Awards) (WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.
Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include (Heath Ledger), (Sam Worthington), (Ernie Dingo), (Jessica Marais), (Megan Gale), (Rove McManus), (Isla Fisher), and (Melissa George). Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include (Rabbit-Proof Fence), (The Heights), (Mystery Road), (These Final Hours), (Cloudstreet), (Jasper Jones), (Australia), (Bran Nu Dae), (Red Dog), (ABBA: the Movie) and (Last Train to Freo).
Noted Western Australian Indigenous painters and artisans include (Jack Dale Mengenen), (Paddy Bedford), (Queenie McKenzie), and siblings (Nyuju Stumpy Brown) and (Rover Thomas).
The (West Australian Symphony Orchestra) (WASO) is based at the (Perth Concert Hall). Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include (His Majesty's Theatre), the (State Theatre Centre of Western Australia), the (Crown Theatre) and (Perth Arena), which opened in 2012. Performing arts companies based in Perth include the (West Australian Ballet), the (West Australian Opera), the (Black Swan State Theatre Company) and the (Perth Theatre Company).
Western Australia has served as the setting for a number of works of (Australian literature). Prominent authors include (Katharine Susannah Prichard), (Randolph Stow), (Tim Winton), (Kim Scott), (Sally Morgan), (Joan London), (Mary Durack) and (Craig Silvey).
The public (Art Gallery of Western Australia) is part of the (Perth Cultural Centre). Founded in 1895, it houses the State Art Collection, comprising works from local and international artists, dating back to the 1800s. The (Perth Cultural Centre) is also home to the (Western Australian Museum), (State Library of Western Australia), (State Records Office), and (Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts) (PICA).
Sport
A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
- (Australian rules football): The (West Coast Eagles) and the (Fremantle Dockers) compete in the (Australian Football League) (AFL). They also have women's teams playing in the (AFL Women's) league. The (West Australian Football League) (WAFL) is the main local football competition, but other (local and amateur football leagues) exist across the state.
- Baseball: The (Perth Heat) compete in the (Australian Baseball League).
- Basketball: The (Perth Wildcats) (men) and (Perth Lynx) (women) compete in the (National Basketball League) and (Women's National Basketball League), respectively.
- (Cricket): (Western Australia) represent the state in (first-class) and (List A) domestic cricket, with the (Perth Scorchers) competing in the (Twenty20) (Big Bash League).
- (Field hockey): The (Thundersticks) (men) and Diamonds (women) compete in the (Australian Hockey League).
- (Netball): The (West Coast Fever) compete in the (ANZ Championship).
- (Rugby league): The (West Coast Pirates) compete in the (S. G. Ball Cup).
- (Rugby union): The (Western Force) competes in (Super Rugby Pacific).
- (Soccer): (Perth Glory) field (men's) and (women's) teams in the (A-League Men) and (A-League Women), respectively.
- Tennis: The (ITF) (Hopman Cup), an annual international team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament.
- (Water Polo): The (UWA Torpedoes) water polo club competes in the (National Water Polo League (NWPL)).
International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the (Tom Hoad Cup) (water polo), the (Perth International) (golf), the 2006 (Gravity Games) ((extreme sports)), the 2002 (Women's Hockey World Cup), the 1991 (FINA World Aquatics Championships), the (World Rally Championships) and the (1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games).
Western Australia's largest sports stadium is (Perth Stadium), also known by naming rights sponsorship as Optus Stadium. It has a capacity of over 60,000 people and is primarily used for Australian rules football and cricket.
Wine
Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top. Major wine producing regions include: (Margaret River), (The Great Southern), (Swan Valley) as well as smaller districts including (Blackwood Valley), (Manjimup), (Pemberton), (Peel), Chittering Valley, (Perth Hills), and (Geographe).
Sister states
Western Australia has five sister states:
- (East Java), Indonesia
- (Hyōgo Prefecture), Japan
- (Andhra Pradesh State), India
- (Tuscany Region), Italy
- (Zhejiang Province), China
In 1981, a (sister state) agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and (Hyōgo Prefecture) in Japan that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992. Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in (Kobe), the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.
Following the (Great Hanshin earthquake) that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process. The two governments signed a (memorandum of understanding) on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.
Further to the sister state relationship, the (City of Rockingham) in Western Australia and the (City of Akō) in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.
See also
- (Outline of Australia)
- (Index of Australia-related articles)
- (Government of Western Australia)
- (Mining in Western Australia)
- (Petroleum in Western Australia)
Lists
- (List of Western Australian towns)
- (List of statues in Western Australia)
- (Local Government Areas of Western Australia)
Notes
- In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, (Scotland), (Mainland China) and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and (Macau) are listed separately
- As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
- The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the (Anglo-Celtic) group.
- Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as (Aboriginal Australians) or (Torres Strait Islanders). Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
- Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as (Aboriginal Australians) or (Torres Strait Islanders). Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
a "West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper, (The West Australian), and the state-based (West Australian Football League), but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "(Westralia)" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century. The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth, the (skyscraper) Westralia Square on (St Georges Terrace), and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates (Perth Airport), as well as in the names of several ships.
b In Australia, the (body of water south of the continent) is officially gazetted as the (Southern Ocean), whereas the (International Hydrographic Organization) (IHO) designates it as part of the Indian Ocean.
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Further reading
- (Zuckermann, Ghil'ad) (2020). (Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond). New York: Oxford University Press. (ISBN) .
External links
- Geographic data related to Western Australia at (OpenStreetMap)
- Welcome to Western Australia, a tourist website run by (Tourism Western Australia), the (statutory authority) responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination
- Western Australia government's website
- Watch historical footage of Western Australia from the (National Film and Sound Archive) of Australia's collection.
- Watch audiovisual material relating to Western Australia on the (National Film and Sound Archive)'s australianscreen online.