Chagatai Khan (Mongolian script: ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠶ; Čaɣatay; Mongolian: Цагадай, romanized: Tsagadai; (Chagatay): چغتای, Čaġatāy; (Uyghur): چاغاتاي خان, Chaghatay-Xan; Chinese: 察合台, Chágětái; Persian: جغتای, Joghatây; 22 December 1183 – 1 July 1242) was the second son of (Genghis Khan) and (Börte). He inherited most of what are now five Central Asian states after the death of his father. He was also appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the execution of the (Yassa), the written code of law created by Genghis Khan.
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(Khan) | |
(Khan of the Chagatai Khanate) | |
Reign | 18 August 1227 – 1 July 1242 |
Successor | (Qara Hülëgü) |
Viziers |
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Born | 22 December 1183 (Khamag Mongol) |
Died | 1 July 1242 (aged 58) (Almaligh), (Chagatai Khanate) |
Consort |
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(Issue) |
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(House) | (Borjigin) |
Father | (Genghis Khan) |
Mother | (Börte) |
Religion | (Tengrism) |
Under Genghis Khan
Very little is known about Chagatai's earlier life. He was the second son of (Genghis Khan) and (Börte). Chagatai was considered hot-headed and somewhat temperamental by his relatives, because of his attitude of non-acceptance of (Jochi) as a full-brother. He was the most vocal about this issue among his relations. He was assigned 4 (mingghans) (led by (Qarachar) of (Barlas), Kököchü of (Baarin), Müge of (Jalairs) and Idiqudai Noyan) and an appanage around (Altai Mountains) in 1206 by his father.
He joined (the invasion of Jin Empire) in 1211 with Jochi and (Ögedei), capturing several cities and invading (Shaanxi) and (Henan) in 1213, also plundering (Yanggu). Later Chagatai appeared at (campaign against Khwarazmian Empire) with his father and brothers, capturing (Otrar) in 1218, (Samarkand) in 1220, (Urgench) in March-April 1221. The Urgench campaign was noticeably harder because Chagatai and Jochi failed to co-operate. After this incident Ögedei was appointed commander of the besieging forces and Chagatai was given task of maintaining communication between Mongol forces with building bridges and restoring roads. He returned to his father's side during his siege of (Talaqan). Chagatai was greatly affected when his son (Mutukan) was killed during the (siege of Bamiyan) in 1221.
He was present at (the battle) where (Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu) was defeated near the (Indus River). He later commanded the rear guard during (conquest of Western Xia).
During reign of Ögedei and Töregene
Chagatai succeeded Genghis Khan in his domains in what came to be known as (Chagatai Khanate) in 1227 with its capital in (Almaliq) city, in the valley of the (Upper Ili), near the site of the present (Kulja), and consequently in the extreme east of his dominion. According to (Edward Ross), "his reason for fixing it in that remote position, instead of at (Bukhara) or (Samarkand), was probably one of necessity. His Mongol tribesmen and followers—the mainstay of his power—were passionately fond of the life of the steppes." As the eldest surviving son and head of the house, he was present at the enthronement ceremony of (Ögedei) on 13 September 1229 and supported his reign. Ögedei in his turn sent (Güyük) as Chagatai's ward. Although (Rashidaddin) claimed that Chagatai died shortly before Ögedei, (Juvayni) told of further activities of Chagatai, such as strong support to regency of (Töregene). However, he soon died.
Administration
His known viziers include Vajir, Baha al-Din Marghinani and Habash Amid. Vajir was described as (Turkish), (Uyghur) and Khitan by different authors. He was employed by Qushuq Noyan from Jalayir tribe to court of Chagatai. Having written a book about history of Mongol Empire, he was regarded highly by Chagatai. He even let him to execute one of his daughters-in-law in charges of adultery. After Chagatai's death, Vajir was executed for treason alongside Chagatai's physician Majd al-Din, since his widow Yesülün charged them with poisoning of Chagatai. Habash Amid was a (Muslim) (Khwarazmian) from (Otrar) and a secretary originally. He was assigned to Chagatai in 1218 and survived the purge thanks to his support for (Qara Hülegü). Baha al-Din Marghinani also survived Chagatai, being a friend of his son (Yesü Möngke) although he was purged later.
Family
Chagatai had two principal wives along other wives and concubines:
- Yesülün Khatun – daughter of Qata Noyan of (Khongirads) (cousin of (Börte))
- (Mutukan) – killed during (siege of Bamyan) in 1221
- Baiju
- (Büri) (d. 1252) – a commander in (Mongol invasion of Europe)
- (Yesünto'a)
- (Qara Hülegü) (b. before 1221) – khan (1242–1246; 1252)
- Belgeshi (c. 1209 – c. 1222) – died shortly after (Mutukan)
- (Yesü Möngke) – khan (1246–1252)
- (Mutukan) – killed during (siege of Bamyan) in 1221
- Tögen Khatun – sister of Yesülün Khatun
- Sevinch Khatun – daughter of (Buraq Hajib)
- (Ebuskun) – only attested in (Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat)'s Tarikh-i-Rashidi, probably same as Yesülün
- Children by concubines
- Mochi Yebe – eldest son, not given high regard by Chagatai, son-in-law of (Batu Khan), controlled territory on the left bank of the (Dnieper)
- (Tekuder) – (Ilkhanate) commander in (Georgia)
- Ahmad – a commander under (Baraq)
- Tekshi – had a son called Tabudughar and grandson: Toghan, Hoqolqu, Qoriqtai and Qutluq-Temür.
- Nom-Quli
- Bük-Buqa
- Temüder
- Qotan
- Cheche
- Chichektü – had sons: Shadban and Qushman
- Ishal – had sons: Qan Buqa and Uladai
- Toghan – had sons: Qoriqtai, Bük-Buqa, Nom-Quli
- Sarban
- Qushiqi – Commander in the (Mongol conquest of Song China)
- (Negübei) – khan (1271–1272)
- (Baidar) – a commander in the (Mongol invasion of Europe)
- (Alghu) – khan (1260–1265)
- Baiju
- Mochi (c. 1279) – commander of (Qara'unas)
- Abdullah (c. 1279–1298) – commander of (Qara'unas)
- Mochi (c. 1279) – commander of (Qara'unas)
- Mochi Yebe – eldest son, not given high regard by Chagatai, son-in-law of (Batu Khan), controlled territory on the left bank of the (Dnieper)
Legacy
According to (Rashidaddin), he was a just and competent ruler. (Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani) also considered him to be dignified and open hearted. Muslims viewed Chagatai Khan with negativity and hostility because Chagatai Khan strictly enforced Mongol Yasa law against Islamic Shariah law banning Halal animal slaughter and Islamic prayer ritual ablution as well as the Islamic legal system. The (Chagatai language) takes its name from him, as well as people surnamed (Chughtai), city of (Joghatai) in Iran and (Ciğatay) village in Azerbaijan.
Ancestry
(Hoelun) | (Yesugei Baghatur) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Börte) | Temüjin ((Genghis Khan)) | (Hasar) | (Hachiun) | (Temüge) | (Belgutei) | (Behter) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Jochi) | Chagatai | (Ögedei) | (Tolui) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- Ross 1895, p. 30.
- Boyle 1971, p. 18.
- Boyle 1971, p. 98.
- May, Timothy (2016). "Individuals Chagatai Khan (d. 1242)". In May, Timothy (ed.). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. Empires of the World (illustrated, annotated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN .
- Boyle 1971, p. 146.
- Boyle 1971, p. 118.
- Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991) Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy Blackwell, Oxford, UK, page 164, ISBN
- Ross 1895, p. 32.
- Boyle 1958, p. 240.
- Boyle 1971, p. 154.
- Boyle 1958, p. 272.
- Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. p. 328. ISBN .
- Boyle 1971, p. 156.
- Boyle 1958, p. 273.
- Lane, George E. (2003-09-01). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance (1 ed.). Routledge. (doi):10.4324/9780203417874. ISBN .
- Ross 1895, p. 33.
- Voitovycz, L. King of Poland Casimir III and a struggle for Romanovichi heritage (Польський король Казимир ІІІ і боротьба за спадщину Романовичів). Lviv University Herald (Вісник Львівського університету). Lviv 2011. page 8.
- da Pian del Carpine, G. History of Mongols whom we call Tatars (История Монголов, которых мы называем Татарами) 2012-02-04 at the (Wayback Machine). Translated by Aleksandr Malein. State Publishing of Geographic Literature. 1957.
- Aksenov, S. V.; Yurchenko, A. G. (2002). Христианский мир и 'Великая монгольская империя': материалы францисканской миссии [Christendom and the 'Great Mongol Empire': Materials of the Franciscan Mission]. St Petersburg: Евразия. p. 257. ISBN . (OCLC) 52692529.
- Arom, Na’ama O. (2020-04-24). "'In-Ger' and 'Outer' Diplomacy – Ilkhanid Contacts with the Mongols and the Outside World, 1260–1282". Eurasian Studies. 17 (2): 286–309. (doi):10.1163/24685623-12340077. (ISSN) 2468-5623. (S2CID) 219057516.
- McLynn, Frank (2015-07-02). Genghis Khan: The Man Who Conquered the World. Random House. p. 456. ISBN .
- "CHAGHATAYID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. V (4): 343–346. December 15, 1991.
Sources
- (Ross, Edward Denison) (1895), A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi
- Boyle, John Andrew (1971), The Successors of Genghis Khan : Translated from the Persian of Rashīd al-Dīn, New York City: Columbia University Press
- Boyle, John Andrew (1958), The History Of The World Conqueror by Ata Malik Juvaini, Harvard University Press
This article incorporates text from The Tarikh-i-rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia, by (Edward Denison Ross), a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.
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