Carolyn Widney Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American and Nobel laureate. She joined (the University of California, Santa Cruz) as a Distinguished Professor in the department of molecular, (cell), and (developmental biology) in October 2020.
Carol W. Greider | |
---|---|
Born | Carolyn Widney Greider April 15, 1961 (San Diego, California), U.S. |
Education | (University of California, Santa Barbara) ((BA)) (University of Göttingen) (University of California, Berkeley) ((PhD)) |
Known for | Discovery of (telomerase) |
Spouse | (Nathaniel C. Comfort) (m. 1993; div. 2011) |
Children | 2 |
Awards | (Richard Lounsbery Award) (2003) (Lasker Award) (2006) (Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize) (2007) (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) (2009) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Molecular biology |
Institutions | (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine) (University of California, Santa Cruz) |
(Thesis) | Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts (1985) |
(Doctoral advisor) | (Elizabeth Blackburn) |
Other academic advisors | (Beatrice M. Sweeney) Leslie Wilson |
Greider discovered the enzyme (telomerase) in 1984, while she was a graduate student of (Elizabeth Blackburn) at the (University of California, Berkeley). Greider pioneered research on the structure of (telomeres), the ends of the (chromosomes). She was awarded the 2009 (Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine), along with Blackburn and (Jack W. Szostak), for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme (telomerase).
Early life and education
Greider was born in San Diego, California. Her father, Kenneth Greider, was a physics professor. Her family moved from San Diego to (Davis, California), where she spent many of her early years and graduated from (Davis Senior High School) in 1979. She graduated from the (College of Creative Studies) at the (University of California, Santa Barbara), with a (B.A.) in biology in 1983. During this time she also studied at the (University of Göttingen) and made significant discoveries there.
Greider is (dyslexic) and states that her "compensatory skills also played a role in my success as a scientist because one has to intuit many different things that are going on at the same time and apply those to a particular problem". Greider initially suspected her dyslexia after seeing patterns of common mistakes such as backward words when she received back graded work in the first grade. Greider started to memorize words and their spellings rather than attempting to sound out the spelling of words. Greider has worked significantly to overcome her dyslexia to become successful in her professional life and credits her dyslexia as helping her appreciate differences and making unusual decisions such as the one to work with (Tetrahymena), an unusual organism.
Greider initially had difficulty getting into graduate school because of her low (GRE) scores, a result of her dyslexia. Greider applied to thirteen grad schools and was accepted to only two, (California Institute of Technology) and the (University of California, Berkeley). She chose to study at Berkeley.
Discovery of telomerase
Greider completed her Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1987 at (Berkeley) under (Elizabeth Blackburn). While at Berkeley, Greider and Blackburn discovered how chromosomes are protected by (telomeres) and the enzyme (telomerase). Greider joined Blackburn's laboratory in April 1984 looking for the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra (DNA bases) to the ends of (chromosomes). Without the extra bases, which are added as repeats of a six-base pair motif, chromosomes are shortened during (DNA replication), eventually resulting in chromosome deterioration and (senescence) or cancer-causing chromosome fusion. Blackburn and Greider looked for the enzyme in the model organism (Tetrahymena thermophila), a fresh-water (protozoan) with a large number of telomeres.
On December 25, 1984, Greider first obtained results indicating that a particular enzyme was likely responsible. After six months of additional research, Greider and Blackburn concluded that it was the enzyme responsible for telomere addition. They published their findings in the journal (Cell) in December 1985. The enzyme, originally called "telomere terminal transferase," is now known as telomerase. Telomerase rebuilds the tips of chromosomes and determines the life span of cells.
Greider's additional research to confirm her discovery was largely focused on identifying the mechanism that telomerase uses for elongation. Greider chose to use (RNA) degrading enzymes and saw that the telomeres stopped extending, which was an indication that RNA was involved in the enzyme.
Subsequent career
Greider then started her own laboratory as a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Fellow, and also held a faculty position, at the (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), (Long Island, New York). Greider continued to study (Tetrahymena) telomerase, cloning the gene encoding the RNA component and demonstrating that it provided the template for the TTGGGG telomere repeats (1989) as well as establishing that telomerase is processive (1991). She was also able to reconstitute Tetrahymena telomerase in vitro (1994) and define the mechanisms of template utilization (1995). Greider also worked with Calvin Harley to show that telomere shortening underlies cellular senescence (1990). To further test this idea mouse and human telomerase were characterized (1993) (1995) and the mouse telomerase RNA component was cloned (1995).
During this time, Greider, in collaboration with (Ronald A. DePinho), produced the first telomerase (knockout mouse), showing that although telomerase is dispensable for life, increasingly short telomeres result in various deleterious (phenotypes), colloquially referred to as premature aging. In the mid-1990s, Greider was recruited by (Michael D. West), founder of biotechnology company (Geron) (now CEO of (AgeX Therapeutics)) to join the company's Scientific Advisory Board and remained on the Board until 1997.
Greider accepted a faculty position at the (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) in 1997. Greider continued to study telomerase deficient mice and saw that her sixth generation of mice had become entirely sterile, but when mated with control mice the telomerase deficient mice were able to regenerate their (telomeres). Greider continued to work on telomerase biochemistry, defining the secondary structure (2000) and template boundary (2003) of vertebrate telomerase RNA as well as analyzing the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA (2005). In addition to working in Tetrahymena and mammalian systems, Greider also studied telomeres and telomerase in the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), further characterizing the recombination-based gene conversion mechanism that yeast cells null for telomerase use to maintain telomeres (1999) (2001). Greider also showed that short telomeres elicit a DNA damage response in yeast (2003).
Greider, Blackburn, and Szostak shared the 2006 (Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research) for their work on telomeres, before jointly receiving the (Nobel Prize) in 2009.
In February 2014, Greider was named a (Bloomberg Distinguished Professor) at (Johns Hopkins University).
Greider served as director of and professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at (Johns Hopkins Medicine). Greider was first promoted to Daniel Nathans Professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics in 2004.
As of 2021, she is a professor of molecular, cellular, and developmental biology at UCSC.[]
Greider's lab employs both student and post-doctoral trainees to further examine the relationships between the biology of telomeres and their connection to disease. Greider's lab uses a variety of tools including (yeast), (mice), and biochemistry to look at progressive telomere shortening. Greider's lab is also researching how (tumor) reformation can be controlled by the presence of short telomeres. The lab's future work will focus more on identifying the processing and regulation of telomeres and telomere elongation.
Personal life
Greider married (Nathaniel C. Comfort), a fellow academic, in 1992. They divorced in 2011. She has two children.
Awards and honors
- (Pew Scholar) in the Biomedical Sciences (1990–1994)
- (Gairdner Foundation International Award) (1998)
- Rosenstiel Award in Basic Medical Research (1998) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
- Member of the (American Society for Cell Biology) (1999)[]
- Passano Foundation Award (1999) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
- Harvey Society Lecture (2000)[]
- ( Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award) (2000)
- Fellow of the (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) (2003)
- Member of the (National Academy of Sciences) (2003)
- (Richard Lounsbery Award) (2003), National Academy of Sciences
- Member of the (American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) (2004)[]
- Lila Gruber Cancer Research Award (2006)
- (Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research) (2006) (shared with (Elizabeth Blackburn) and (Jack Szostak))
- (Wiley Prize) in Biomedical Sciences (2006) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
- (Dickson Prize in Medicine) (2007)
- (Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize) of (Columbia University) (2007) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and (Joseph G. Gall))
- The Pearl Meister Greengard Prize (2008) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Vicki Lundblad)
- (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak)"
- (Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize) (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
- Member of the (Institute of Medicine) (2010)
- Member, (American Philosophical Society) (2016)
- Pinnacle Award (2019), (Association for Women in Science)
- Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics, (Association for Molecular Pathology) (2022)
Selected works
- Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". Cell. 43 (2 Pt. 1): 405–413. (doi):10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. (PMID) 3907856.
- Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1996). "Telomeres, Telomerase and Cancer". Scientific American. 274 (2): 92–97. (Bibcode):1996SciAm.274b..92G. (doi):10.1038/scientificamerican0296-92. (PMID) 8560215.
See also
- (List of female Nobel laureates)
- (List of RNA biologists)
- (History of RNA biology)
- (Timeline of women in science)
References
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- . (Dolan DNA Learning Center). Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- Hopkins "Telomere" expert Carol Greider shares Germany's largest science prize
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- Press release, University of Göttingen (December 9, 2009). (German)
- Kathy Crockett. "Carol Greider, Scientist, Nobel Prize Winner". (Yale University). The Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
- "Carol W. Greider – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- (Nuzzo, R.) (2005). "Biography of Carol W. Greider". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (23): 8077–8079. (Bibcode):2005PNAS..102.8077N. (doi):10.1073/pnas.0503019102. (PMC) 1149435. (PMID) 15928079.
- Greider, C. W.; Blackburn, E. H. (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". Cell. 43 (2 Pt 1): 405–413. (doi):10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. (PMID) 3907856.
- Johns Hopkins Medicine – Research – Awards – Nobel. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
- Aicher, Toby (March 18, 2015). "Science Spotlight: Nobel Laureate Carol Greider". The Middlebury Campus. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
- Greider, Carol W.; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (January 1989). "A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis". Nature. 337 (6205): 331–337. (Bibcode):1989Natur.337..331G. (doi):10.1038/337331a0. (PMID) 2463488. (S2CID) 29191852.
- Greider, C W (September 1991). "Telomerase is processive". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 11 (9): 4572–4580. (doi):10.1128/MCB.11.9.4572. (PMC) 361337. (PMID) 1875940.
- Autexier, C; Greider, C W (March 1, 1994). "Functional reconstitution of wild-type and mutant Tetrahymena telomerase". Genes & Development. 8 (5): 563–575. (doi):10.1101/gad.8.5.563. (PMID) 7523243.
- Autexier, C; Greider, C W (September 15, 1995). "Boundary elements of the Tetrahymena telomerase RNA template and alignment domains". Genes & Development. 9 (18): 2227–2239. (doi):10.1101/gad.9.18.2227. (PMID) 7557377.
- Greider, Carol W. (August 1990). "Telomeres, telomerase and senescence". BioEssays. 12 (8): 363–369. (doi):10.1002/bies.950120803. (PMID) 2241933. (S2CID) 11920124.
- Harley, Calvin B.; Futcher, A. Bruce; Greider, Carol W. (May 1990). "Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts". Nature. 345 (6274): 458–460. (Bibcode):1990Natur.345..458H. (doi):10.1038/345458a0. (PMID) 2342578. (S2CID) 1145492.
- Prowse, K. R.; Avilion, A. A.; Greider, C. W. (February 15, 1993). "Identification of a nonprocessive telomerase activity from mouse cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (4): 1493–1497. (Bibcode):1993PNAS...90.1493P. (doi):10.1073/pnas.90.4.1493. (PMC) 45900. (PMID) 8434010.
- Feng, J.; Funk, W.; Wang, S.; Weinrich, S.; Avilion, A.; Chiu, C.; Adams, R.; Chang, E.; Allsopp, R.; Yu, J.; al., e. (September 1, 1995). "The RNA component of human telomerase". Science. 269 (5228): 1236–1241. (Bibcode):1995Sci...269.1236F. (doi):10.1126/science.7544491. (PMID) 7544491. (S2CID) 9440710.
- Blasco, M.; Funk, W.; Villeponteau, B.; Greider, C. (September 1, 1995). "Functional characterization and developmental regulation of mouse telomerase RNA". Science. 269 (5228): 1267–1270. (Bibcode):1995Sci...269.1267B. (doi):10.1126/science.7544492. (PMID) 7544492. (S2CID) 1315745.
- Blasco, María A; Lee, Han-Woong; Hande, M.Prakash; Samper, Enrique; Lansdorp, Peter M; DePinho, Ronald A; Greider, Carol W (October 1997). "Telomere Shortening and Tumor Formation by Mouse Cells Lacking Telomerase RNA". Cell. 91 (1): 25–34. (doi):10.1016/s0092-8674(01)80006-4. (PMID) 9335332. (S2CID) 13366934.
- Rudolph, Karl Lenhard; Chang, Sandy; Lee, Han-Woong; Blasco, Maria; Gottlieb, Geoffrey J; Greider, Carol; DePinho, Ronald A (March 1999). "Longevity, Stress Response, and Cancer in Aging Telomerase-Deficient Mice". Cell. 96 (5): 701–712. (doi):10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80580-2. (PMID) 10089885. (S2CID) 11991355.
- "Geron Corporation 10K 1996".
- Lee, Han-Woong; Blasco, Maria A.; Gottlieb, Geoffrey J.; Horner, James W.; Greider, Carol W.; DePinho, Ronald A. (April 1998). "Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs". Nature. 392 (6676): 569–574. (Bibcode):1998Natur.392..569L. (doi):10.1038/33345. (PMID) 9560153. (S2CID) 4385788.
- Hemann, Michael T; Strong, Margaret A; Hao, Ling-Yang; Greider, Carol W (October 2001). "The Shortest Telomere, Not Average Telomere Length, Is Critical for Cell Viability and Chromosome Stability". Cell. 107 (1): 67–77. (doi):10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00504-9. (PMID) 11595186. (S2CID) 10719526.
- Chen, Jiunn-Liang; Blasco, Maria A; Greider, Carol W (March 2000). "Secondary Structure of Vertebrate Telomerase RNA". Cell. 100 (5): 503–514. (doi):10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80687-x. (PMID) 10721988. (S2CID) 15642776.
- Chen, J.-L. (November 15, 2003). "Template boundary definition in mammalian telomerase". Genes & Development. 17 (22): 2747–2752. (doi):10.1101/gad.1140303. (PMC) 280623. (PMID) 14630939.
- Chen, J.-L.; Greider, C. W. (April 22, 2005). "Functional analysis of the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (23): 8080–8085. (Bibcode):2005PNAS..102.8080C. (doi):10.1073/pnas.0502259102. (PMC) 1149427. (PMID) 15849264.
- Le, S; Moore, JK; Haber, JE; Greider, CW (May 1999). "RAD50 and RAD51 define two pathways that collaborate to maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase". Genetics. 152 (1): 143–52. (doi):10.1093/genetics/152.1.143. (PMC) 1460580. (PMID) 10224249.
- Chen, Q.; Ijpma, A.; Greider, C. W. (March 1, 2001). "Two Survivor Pathways That Allow Growth in the Absence of Telomerase Are Generated by Distinct Telomere Recombination Events". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (5): 1819–1827. (doi):10.1128/MCB.21.5.1819-1827.2001. (PMC) 86745. (PMID) 11238918.
- IJpma, Arne S.; Greider, Carol W.; Koshland, Douglas (March 2003). "Short Telomeres Induce a DNA Damage Response in". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (3): 987–1001. (doi):10.1091/mbc.02-04-0057. (PMC) 151574. (PMID) 12631718.
- ""Telomere" Expert Carol Greider Shares 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
- Brooks, Kelly (February 17, 2014). "With Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships, Johns Hopkins aims to foster cross-specialty collaboration". Hub. (Johns Hopkins University). Retrieved March 12, 2015.
- "The Women of Hopkins". The Women of Hopkins. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- Paletta, Thomas M. Burton and Damian (March 2, 2013). "NIH Cuts Began Ahead of Sequester". Wall Street Journal. (ISSN) 0099-9660. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
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- Clint Talbott. . Colorado Arts & Sciences Magazine. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
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- "Past Winners". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Recipients of the Passano Laureate and Physician Scientist Awards". The Passano Foundation, Inc. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Carol W. Greider Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. (American Academy of Achievement). June 16, 2000.
- "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- "Greider, Carol W." National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- NAS Online December 9, 2006, at the (Wayback Machine) ("For her pioneering biochemical and genetic studies of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.")
- "Lila and Murray Gruber Memorial Cancer Research Award and Lectureship". www.aad.org. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- Foundation, Lasker. "2006 Lasker Awards". The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Wiley: The Wiley Foundation Announces Recipients of the Fifth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences". www.wiley.com. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Carol W. Greider, PhD | Dickson Prize in Medicine | University of Pittsburgh". www.dicksonprize.pitt.edu. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Horwitz Prize Awardees". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. June 20, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Recipients". Greengard Prize. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
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- "Press Release 2008" (PDF). Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- . Institute of Medicine. Archived from the original on April 22, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- . hopkinschildrens.org. October 11, 2010. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
- "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- "Press Release AWIS 2019 Awards". www.awis.org. November 8, 2018.
- "Past Recipients". Association for Molecular Pathology. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
Further reading
- (Nuzzo, Regina) (2005). "Biography of Carol W. Greider". (PNAS). 102 (23): 8077–8079. (Bibcode):2005PNAS..102.8077N. (doi):10.1073/pnas.0503019102. (PMC) 1149435. (PMID) 15928079.
External links
- Greider Lab
- Carol W. Greider on Nobelprize.org
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